Sources & references
Evidence behind our work
Follow the original evidence. Understand its scope. Test our judgement.
Our briefs connect evidence with commercial consequences. Use these references to inspect the original material and distinguish source evidence from our judgement.
Referenced in our published work
Data & indicators
EIA — U.S. Energy Information Administrationeia.gov
Use: US crude inventories and petroleum balances.
Boundary: Weekly estimates do not establish cargo availability or an executable price.
In our work · Official source deskECB — European Central Bankecb.europa.eu
Use: Currency references for comparing settlement exposure.
Boundary: Reference rates are informational; bank rates, fees and timing require separate checks.
In our work · Official source deskNBS — National Bureau of Statistics of Chinastats.gov.cn
Use: Chinese production-material price releases used in the LNG brief.
Boundary: A published survey benchmark is not a supplier offer for a specified grade and delivery.
In our work · China · LNG briefANP — Brazilgov.br
Use: Brazilian fuel-survey availability and reference basis.
Boundary: Retail observations need matching fuel, location and tax basis before contract comparison.
In our work · Brazil · Fuel-pricing briefEMA — Energy Market Authority, Singaporeema.gov.sg
Use: Singapore’s regulated electricity tariff and its scope.
Boundary: Check consumer category and contract terms; the benchmark is not an industrial offer.
In our work · Singapore · Electricity briefEskom — South Africaeskom.co.za
Use: Generation and interruption reports for South African operating context.
Boundary: Operator-reported national recovery does not verify reliability at an individual site.
In our work · South Africa · Power-continuity brief
Rules, shipping & contracts
Federal Registerfederalregister.gov
Use: Published US rule documents; the site’s automatic scope is limited to BIS/OFAC rules.
Boundary: Verify the official edition, effective date and jurisdiction. A listing is not transaction clearance.
In our work · Scoped rules referenceMARAD — U.S. Maritime Administrationmaritime.dot.gov
Use: Maritime advisories used to frame voyage constraints in the Hormuz analysis.
Boundary: Read each advisory’s flag, area and validity; it is not universal voyage or insurance clearance.
In our work · Hormuz · Decision analysisBIMCO — VOYWAR 2025bimco.org
Use: War-risk contract mechanisms discussed in the delivery-risk analysis.
Boundary: Applicability depends on incorporation, amendments and governing law; no clause text is reproduced here.
In our work · Hormuz · Contract considerations
Energy analysis
IEA — International Energy Agencyiea.org
Use: The dated freight commentary cited in our Hormuz assessment.
Boundary: Reported route observations are not interchangeable offers. Item-specific attribution and licence notices accompany our analysis.
In our work · Hormuz · Evidence and attributionKplerkpler.com
Use: One of our main research sources for physical energy flows, Hormuz and maritime supply chains.
Boundary: Interpret each publication using its product scope, geography, observation date and method. No live Kpler feed is connected.
In our work · Hormuz · Delivery evidence review
Further perspectives
Chatham Housechathamhouse.org
Use: Further perspectives on political economy, energy security and trade.
Boundary: Suggested reading, not evidence cited in our current briefs. Assess the individual author, argument and date.